Relationship with trading units
Many listed companies use a "trading unit" system under which one voting right is granted per trading unit of shares held, rather than per individual share. Shares held below one trading unit generally do not carry voting rights (see the trading unit page for more detail).
How voting rights are exercised
Voting rights can be exercised by attending the shareholders meeting, and many companies also allow exercise in writing or electronically. The specific procedure is described in the notice of the meeting sent out by the company.
